In animals which are under environmental stress, for example, young dispersing individuals and lactating females, health issues may be exacerbated by latent virus infections. Several of the viruses implicated in the present study could affect the health of snow leopards. The rectal swabs from all animals also showed evidence for the presence of small circular DNA viruses, predominantly Circular Rep-Encoding Single-Stranded (CRESS) DNA viruses and in one case feline anellovirus. In addition, the rectal swab from the same female also displayed sequence reads most similar to feline papillomavirus 2, which is the first evidence for this virus infecting snow leopards. A serum sample of a male and a rectal swab of a female snow leopard produced sequence reads identical or closely similar to felid herpesvirus 1, providing the first evidence that this virus infects snow leopards. Excluding one animal with overall very few sequence reads, four of six animals (67%) displayed evidence of rotavirus infection. The viral species to which the greatest number of sequences reads showed high similarity was rotavirus. In this work, next-generation sequencing is used to investigate the fecal (and in a few cases serum) virome of seven snow leopards from the Tost Mountains of Mongolia. It is important to investigate the microbes that snow leopards are exposed to detect infectious disease threats and define a baseline for future changes that may impact the health of this endangered felid. These living conditions likely affect the abundance and composition of microbes with the capacity to infect these animals. Snow leopards inhabit the cold, arid environments of the high mountains of South and Central Asia. 6Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden.5Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States.4Snow Leopard Conservation Foundation, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.3Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden.2Snow Leopard Trust, Seattle, WA, United States.1Department of Ecology, Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Riddarhyttan, Sweden.
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